Who Invented the Jukebox

A  jukebox is a semi-automated apparatus that plays music. Its  usually a  coin-operated machine  that plays a persons selection from self-contained media. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that, when entered in combination, are used to play a particular song. Traditional jukeboxes once were a significant source of income for record publishers. Jukeboxes received the newest songs first and they played music on demand without commercials. However, manufacturers did not call them jukeboxes.  They called them Automatic Coin-Operated Phonographs or Automatic Phonographs or Coin-Operated Phonographs. The term jukebox appeared in the 1930s. Beginnings One of the early forerunners to the modern jukebox was the nickel-in-the-slot machine. In 1889, Louis Glass and William S. Arnold placed a coin-operated  Edison  cylinder phonograph in the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco. It was an Edison Class M Electric Phonograph in an oak cabinet that was refitted with a coin mechanism patented by Glass and Arnold. This was the first nickel-in-the-slot. The machine had no amplification and patrons had to listen to the music using one of four listening tubes. In its first six months of service, the nickel-in-the-slot made over $1000. Some machines had carousels for playing multiple records but most  could only hold one musical selection at a time. In 1918, Hobart C. Niblack created a device that automatically changed records, leading to one of the first selective jukeboxes being introduced in 1927 by the  Automated Musical Instrument  Company. In 1928, Justus P. Seeburg combined an electrostatic loudspeaker with a record player that was coin-operated and provided a choice of eight records. Later versions of the jukebox included Seeburgs  Selectophone, which included 10 turntables mounted vertically on a spindle. The patron could choose from 10 different records. The  Seeburg Corporation  introduced a 45  rpm  vinyl record  jukebox in 1950. The 45s were smaller and lighter, so they became the main jukebox media for the last half of the 20th century. CDs, 33â…“-R.P.M. and videos on DVDs were all introduced and used in the later decades of the century. MP3 downloads and internet-connected media players came in the 21st century.   Rise in Popularity Jukeboxes were most popular from the 1940s through the mid-1960s. By the mid-1940s, 75 percent of the records produced in America went into jukeboxes.   Here are some factors contributed to  the success of the jukebox: During the 1890s, recordings had become popular primarily through coin-in-the-slot phonographs in public places.During the 1910s, the phonograph became a truly mass medium for popular music  and recordings of large-scale orchestral works and other classical instrumental music proliferated.In the mid-1920s, radio, which provided free music, developed.  This new factor, plus the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s, threw the phonograph industry into serious decline.During the 1930s, as American companies relied mainly on dance records in jukeboxes to satisfy a dwindling market, Europe supplied a slow but steady trickle of classical recordings. Today The invention of the  transistor in the 1950s, which led to the  portable radio​, helped bring on the demise of the jukebox. People could now have music with them wherever they were.

Classification Of Employees On The Base Of Quality Of Work...

Classification of LIC Employees on the base of Quality of Work Life The application of factor analysis by principle component method derived Eight factors of QWL, namely, Organizational Climate Culture, Work-Life Balance, Working Environment, Welfare Measures, Compensation of Employees, Participation in Decision-Making, Opportunity for Growth Development, and Social Relevance of Work. The perception of Employees over these 8 factors is classified into heterogeneous groups through k-means Cluster analysis. The results of Cluster analysis are presented below. Final Cluster Centers QWL factors Cluster 1 2 3 Climate 3.83 4.19 3.20 WLB 3.59 3.96 2.70 WE 3.77 3.98 2.92 WEL 3.47 3.65 2.87 COM 2.91 3.63 2.32 PAR 2.30 3.62 1.85 OPP 2.87 3.80 2.22 SR 4.10 4.30 3.63 From the above table, it is found that the sample frame is divided into three groups. From the above table, it can be concluded that the First Cluster Respondents are moderately agree for Organizational Climate Culture, Work-Life Balance, Working Environment, Welfare Measures, Compensation of Employees, Participation in Decision-Making, Opportunity for Growth Development, and Strongly agree for Social Relevance of Work. First cluster employees are society oriented employees. Therefore, this Cluster is known as Saturated Employees. Second Cluster Respondents are strongly agree for Climate and Social Relevance But Moderately agree for other factors. i.e., Work-Life Balance, Working Environment,Show MoreRelatedJob Satisfaction Level Of Hourly Tipped And Non Tipped Employees Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this study is to determine the job satisfaction level of hourly tipped and non-tipped employees what indirectly plays the significant role in productivity. Hence the questions this research seeks to answer are: 1. 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Bite Me A Love Story Chapter 8 Free Essays

8. Being the Chronicles of Abby Normal, in the Double-doomed Doghouse of Despair Do the condemned in hell know the suffering that is a whole day of mom-guilt heaped like steaming piles of bat guano upon my spiky magenta coif? (I went with magenta spikes with electric violet tips to express my outrage at being dragged from my home and imprisoned with the cruel Mombot and my crapacious little sister, Ronnie.) Evidently, Mother feels that we were too young to move in together only a week after meeting, and live in a stolen apartment with two of the undead and their stupid amounts of cash. We will write a custom essay sample on Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although she doesn’t really know about the undead or the cash parts, but she made her point. ‘Kayso, I had like put on my red tartan wedding gown with the black veil and resolved myself to an all-day power-pout in the corner of the living room, coming up only to text Foo messages of my agony of missing him and change the channel and whatnot, when Jared called from the land-line at the love lair. So I’m all, â€Å"Speak, corpse-fluffer.† And Jared is all, â€Å"OMFG! The Countess is out, and she was naked, but now she’s not, and she totally got blood all over your leather corset, and you have to come right now because the rats are freaking out and we need a hacksaw and a file.† And I’m all, â€Å"Uh-oh.† And Jared is all, â€Å"I know. I know. OMG! OMG!† And I’m all, â€Å"Is she pissed?† Sounding way more chill than I felt. And Jared pauses for a second like he’s thinking it over, then he’s all, â€Å"She’s wearing your clothes and there’s blood running all down the front of her and she’s nodding and showing her fangs and shit.† So I’m like getting some perspective now-like when you’re a kid and you think it sucks that you have to eat hydrogenated peanut butter on your PBJ, and then you see one of those starving commercial kids with the flies in their eyes, who don’t even have a sandwich-and you’re all, â€Å"Well, that sucks.† ‘Kayso, I’m thinking that maybe being under restriction in the mother unit’s Fillmore stronghold isn’t so bad when compared to having the Countess busting out her wrath on you for imprisoning her in bronze. So I’m like, â€Å"Sucks to be you, Jared. Byez.† And I offed my phone. So like five minutes go by, which I spend in my corner going, â€Å"Oh shit, oh shit, oh shit,† and whatnot, and the land-line rings. And Ronnie is all, â€Å"Are you going to get that?† from her room. And I’m all, â€Å"I didn’t even know it was hooked up.† And she was all, â€Å"It’s probably Mom checking up on you, so you might as well get it.† And I’m all, â€Å"Ronnie, answer it or I will murder you in your sleep and dump your body in the Bay.† And she’s all, â€Å"‘Kay.† Then, â€Å"It’s for you. It’s some girl named Jody.† And Ronnie is all standing there with her shaved head and her nonexistent hip thrown out, like â€Å"So there, ho.† And I’m all, â€Å"Fucksocks!† And I take the phone and I’m like, â€Å"Hi, I have amnesia and don’t remember anything for the last two months!† Because what do you say to someone who you had bronzed? And the Countess is all, â€Å"Abby, I’m not angry.† Which was a total lie, because I could hear that she was angry. She had that â€Å"I’m not angry† mom voice, even though she’s only, like, twenty-six in real years. â€Å"So you’re not going to kill me?† â€Å"We’ll talk. Right now I need you to get a power drill and a hacksaw with extra blades and come to the loft.† And I’m all, â€Å"I don’t know where to get stuff like that, and Foo’s at work, and I’m on restriction, and I have to go to school tomorrow. I have a test, so I totally can’t cut class, and besides, what do you need that stuff for?† And she’s all, â€Å"Find the tools and come now. Tommy is stuck in the statue and we need to get him out.† And I’m thinking, Oops. But I’m chill and I’m like, â€Å"Can’t he get out the same way you did?† And the Countess is all, â€Å"Tommy doesn’t know how to turn to mist. That’s how I escaped, but Tommy has been trapped in there for-how long, Abby?† â€Å"Oh, like a couple of days. It’s all so foggy, after the head trauma.† Then I hear her saying, like, â€Å"Jared, come over here. I want Abby to hear your neck snap.† â€Å"Okay, like five weeks. Fuck, Countess, overreact much?† â€Å"Come now, Abby.† And she just clicks off. So I text Foo: COUNTESS OUT, NEED HACKSAW PWRDRILL NOW And he’s all: WTF? WTF? WTF? OUT? WTF? ACE HARDWARE, CASTRO ST (I know. Four WTFs! Foo has deep intellectual curiosity. Last week he quizzed me for twenty minutes on what it was like to have a clitoris. I just kept saying â€Å"nice.† I know, I’m such a tard, I couldn’t think of anything else. I so have to learn French. They have like thirty-seven words for clitoris. They’re like snow to Eskimos, only you know, harder to build an igloo out of.) ‘Kayso, I text him: KTXBYE †¹3 And I tell Ronnie to tell Mom that I think I got some anthrax on my toothbrush and I have to go to Walgreens to get a new one so I’ll be right back. Then I put on my jacket with the sun warts, in case of vampyre kitties and whatnot, and I take the F car up to Castro Street and go to Ace Hardware. And I’m totally feeling the animosity coming off the Builder Bob guy in the red apron, and I’m like, â€Å"What? You’ve never seen a wedding dress?† And he’s all, â€Å"No, I love the dress, the jacket, the whole ensem is fabulous.† And I’m like, â€Å"Really? Thanks. Your apron rocks. I need a hacksaw and a power drill.† And he’s all, â€Å"What’s it for?† And I’m all, â€Å"You want a note from my mom? A fucking hacksaw and a power drill. I’m on a schedule.† And he’s all, â€Å"I asked because we have over thirty different kinds of power drills.† And I’m like, â€Å"Oh. I need to release my Dark Lord from the bronze shell in which I imprisoned him.† And he’s, â€Å"Oh, you should have said so.† And he leads me to the drill boutique and I picked out a red and black one that matched my dress, and Bob picked out a hacksaw which totally clashed, but I didn’t want to hurt his feelings, so I said it was trs beau, which is French for sweet. ‘Kayso, as I’m paying for my stuff, I go, â€Å"So, why are you guys still open at midnight?† And Bob goes, â€Å"Well, you know how it is, you never know when someone is going to need to free their dark lord in the middle of the night, or tie him up.† And I’m all, â€Å"Ewww.† Because I do not go for that shit. I am only into S and bondage as it applies to wardrobe. I tried cutting myself to express my heartbreak over Tommy (Lord Flood) rejecting me, but OMFG it hurts like flaming fuck. I mean, I’m into self-mutilations as much as the next person-I have eight piercings and five tattoos, some that hurt like double flaming fuck to get, but that was professional, and you can blame someone. In fact, I know a guy in the Haight who will tattoo you for free if you’re a girl and you keep yelling at him the whole time, which, it turns out, isn’t that hard to do when someone is poking you with an electric needle. When he did my bat wings I screamed at him so much I lost my voice for two days. ‘Kayso, I took the F car across town and the three blocks from Market to the loft, but like holding the button on my sun wart jacket in case I got ambushed by Chet and his vampyre kitty pals, because I totally can’t run in my wedding dress because the buckles of my motocross platforms get caught in the lace, so it’s like, stand and fight or die, bitches! But no vamp kitties came. Anyway, I make it to the loft and I come in all, â€Å"Hey Countess, here’s your drill!† All Carebear-on-crack-perky, although that might have been a mistake, because it’s a proven fact that it’s easier to murder the perky. And I’m sort of, WTF vampyress? Because she’s not her normal self, which is like hemophiliac hawt, but she’s like printer-paper pale. And I totally ignore the fact that she’s wearing one of my long skirts and my black bustier without even asking, and it’s bustiering her way more than it does me, which is kind of rude. And I’m all, â€Å"Countess, are you okay? You look kind of pale.† And Jared is all, â€Å"You should have seen her before she drank those blood bags.† And I’m suddenly feeling all poop on a stick, because it’s obvious that she’s all gone snowflake because she’s been locked up without feeding. So I’m like, â€Å"Sorry. I just wanted you guys to be together for eternity, and it didn’t sound like that’s how it was going to happen.† And she’s like, â€Å"Later, Abby.† And she just takes the tools from me and goes over to the statue and starts drilling and sawing and whatnot. So I’m like, â€Å"How did you get out?† And she’s all, â€Å"Rat boy was dancing and nicked the casting with his dagger.† And Jared’s all, â€Å"I wasn’t dancing. I had some espresso and I was telling them my novel and I lost my balance on your stupid boots.† And I’m all, â€Å"You can’t give him caffeine, Countess. His aunt gave him a hundred-dollar Starbucks card for Christmas and we had to have an intervention.† And Jody pauses and looks back at me, her eyes looking all emerald-like, because except for her hair, she has no color in her face and she’s like, â€Å"Tommy didn’t know how to turn to mist, Abby. I never had a chance to teach him before you bronzed us. He’s been trapped in here, fully conscious, for five weeks.† And I’m like backing away, because I’ve seen the Countess pissed off before, like when the Animals kidnapped Tommy and she had to kick their asses to get him back, but now she’s all jaw tightened like she’s keeping herself from tearing my arms off or something. So I sort of feel for the button on the cuff of my sun jacket. Not like I was going to fry the Countess, because I wouldn’t do that, but just for security. And she just snaps her hand out and before I can move she’s pulled the battery out of my inside pocket and ripped off the wire leads. I mean like faster than you can blink. So I’m like, â€Å"I wasn’t going to light it up.† And she’s all, â€Å"Just to be safe.† But I’m not feeling safe. And I can tell that Jared isn’t feeling safe because he’s sort of sniffling like he’s going to start crying. And Jody is sawing on the bronze like a crazy person-on the side where she used to be, so she doesn’t cut Tommy-and finally she has, like, enough sawed away that she can pull a piece away and look in. And she’s all, â€Å"Tommy, we’re going to get you out of there. I have to be careful, but I’ll get you out of there soon.† And Jared is like, â€Å"Do you need a flashlight?† And Jody is like, â€Å"No, I can see.† And Jared is all, â€Å"Is he dead?† And right then Jody snaps a hacksaw blade and goes, â€Å"Well of course he’s dead, he’s a vampyre.† And I’m all, â€Å"Duh? Tard.† As I hand Jody another blade. I have to say, that for someone with super powers and immortality, the Countess kind of sucks ass with tools. I guess the dark gift doesn’t include home improvement skills. ‘Kayso, after about an hour the Countess pulls a big piece off the statue, revealing Tommy’s face and torso and whatnot, and he’s just stuck there, not moving, not opening his eyes, and even whiter than the Countess, kind of a light bruise-blue color. And Jared is all, â€Å"He dead?† And Jody is like kind of between a scream and a sob, and she’s like, â€Å"Get me another blood bag, Jared. And Abby, where the fuck are my clothes?† And a little blood tear runs down her cheek. And I’m like, â€Å"Uh-oh.† Because now I realize why she’s wearing my clothes. When Foo and I moved in we put all of Tommy and Jody’s clothes in vacuum bags under the bed. So I’m like, â€Å"What do you want to wear, Countess? I’ll get it. I mean, you can wear my stuff any time you want, because I am your faithful minion, but you have been endowed by your creator with significantly more boobage and junk in the trunk than me, no offense, and my stuff doesn’t exactly fit you. No offense.† And Jared is all, â€Å"She had your Emily hoody on over that but it got blood all over it.† Not helping at all. â€Å"Hey, who wants a latte?† And the Countess snarled at Jared, full frontal fangs and all. And Jared jumped back and turned his ankle. And I’m like, â€Å"Oh shit!† And she barks, â€Å"Blood!† And Jared and I are all, â€Å"Coming right up. Oh shit. Oh shit. Oh shit.† And I bring her the bag of blood and she tears it open with her teeth and just pours it over his lips and in his mouth and nothing happens. And Jody is crying and getting louder and Jared and I are getting more and more freaked out and even all the rats in their little boxes are freaking out and running around in circles and whatnot. And finally Tommy’s eyes pop open, and they’re like crystal blue, like ice, not like eyes, and he screams, and I swear to fucking zombie Jebus, the whole wall of windows in the loft just shattered in the frames. So Jared and I are all bent over in the corner, covering our ears, and Tommy comes flying out of the statue. You can hear his leg bones cracking like pretzels as he pulls them out, but he scurries on his hands, knocking rats and furniture every which way, coming right at me, fangs first. And I go to reach for the button on my sleeve, but he’s on me, biting my neck. He’s so strong it’s like trying to fight a statue, and I can hear Jody screaming, and the skin on my neck tearing in shreds. And my vision is like tunneling down to dark, and I’m thinking, I’m fucking dying? What the fuck’s up with that? Then there’s this loud clang, like a bell, and I feel Tommy pulled off me. And light sort of comes back on. I can see the Countess standing there, holding Foo’s stainless-steel floor lamp like it’s a lance, and she’s obviously just smacked Tommy with it hard enough to knock him off of me. But instead of going at her, he comes scurrying right back at me, smearing blood all over the floor and everything. And the Countess catches him by the neck from behind and swings him around and out through the broken windows, and the metal frames and everything go with him. So there’s the scream again, and I’m holding my neck, and I sort of crawl to the big hole that used to be the front wall of the loft, and Tommy is in the middle of the street below, naked, in a big splash of metal and glass, and he’s like crawling up the side of a car to his feet. And Jody’s beside me. And she’s all, â€Å"Tommy! Tommy!† But he’s limping off down the alley across the street, walking like his legs are still broken, but maybe healing or something as he goes, but hurting like holy-fuck. So Jody takes my head and turns it to the side and pulls my hand away from the bite. And I feel like I’m going to pass out. But she bends down and licks my neck, like three times, then puts my hand back on the wound. â€Å"Hold that. It’ll heal in a second.† Then she shook me and was all, â€Å"Now, where the fuck are my clothes?† And I’m all, â€Å"Under the bed. Vacuum bags.† I think I passed out then, because next thing I remember, the Countess is standing there in jeans and boots and her red leather jacket, and she’s stuffing bags of blood into my biohazard messenger bag. And she’s all, â€Å"I’m taking this.† And I’m all, â€Å"‘Kay.† Then I’m like, â€Å"You saved me.† â€Å"I’m taking half the money, too,† she said. I’m all, â€Å"You can’t go. Where will you go? Who will take care of you?† â€Å"Like you did?† she says. â€Å"I’m so sorry,† I said. And she’s all, â€Å"I know. I have to find him. I brought him into this. He never wanted any of this. He just wanted someone to love him.† So she starts to leave, without even saying good-bye, and I’m all, â€Å"Countess, wait, there’s vampyre cats.† And she stops. And she turns all, â€Å"Whaaaa?† And Jared is all nodding and going, â€Å"Really. Really.† And I’m, â€Å"Chet turned a bunch of kitties into vampyre kitties. They attacked the Emperor last night and they ate a meter maid.† And she was all, â€Å"Oh, for fuck’s sake.† And I’m all, â€Å"I know, I know.† Then she was gone. And Jared was like in the middle of catching some escaped rats and he’s all, â€Å"You guys are going to totally lose your security deposit.† Jody is just gone. Gone. On her own in the night. It’s like Lord Byron said in that poem â€Å"Darkness.† Darkness had no need Of aid from them- She was the Universe. I’d like to go bone my sister now. I’m paraphrasing. How to cite Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 8, Essay examples

Algebra Tile Lesson Reflection free essay sample

Using concrete and realistic situations, the students were able to understand the concept and were now ready to learn about adding and subtracting integers using algebra tiles. This would eventually allow the students to be able to solve simple equations, with and without the algebra tiles. However, the students were able to learn how to add integers conceptually while using the tiles first. This becomes even more important when the students will be learning more complicated and multiple step equations, as their basic understanding of integers will be built upon with using manipulatives. The concept of adding and subtracting integers can be very difficult to grasp. The use of integer tiles provide a way for students to manipulate and utilize tangible objects that help them understand the potentially confusing procedure of adding and subtracting integers. Before using the tiles however, the students had to understand that the white tiles represented positive numbers, and the red tiles represented negative numbers. Then they were taught how to make pairs using one white and one red tile, which was accomplished during warm-up. Once the students were comfortable making pairs, problems were introduced. The students paired up the tiles and were able to distinguish between the matched up pairs and the remaining ones, therefore determining positive and negative answers. However, with the goals of teaching the addition of negative numbers, it was noticed that the students were not understanding the concept of having all the red tiles to determine a negative answer. The students would need additional practice with the usage of all red tiles while working with negative integers. When they have a full understanding of adding integers, the students would then learn about subtracting integers using tiles as well. However, before they would need to learn the two-stroke method where they must change the subtraction sign into an addition sign and change the sign of the second integer. Then they would proceed to adding the integers using the tiles. Everybody was participating in the lesson and seemed engaged. They were able to follow directions and be rewarded with student store money as the lesson proceeded. There were only a few students that were either off-task by playing with the tiles instead of participating. These students were probably bored due to their prior knowledge of this concept already. There was only one student who did not understanding the concept. He worked one-on-one with me, while the rest of the students created their own problems on the white boards. Other than that, there was an absence of any behavioral issues, which made the lesson go very smoothly. While the students were being assessed with problems on the board, there was not enough time to correct those problems. In the future, the timing of each component of the lesson would be more planned out. Self-Evaluation Working with RSP students for the first time, there were many challenges. The number of students on my caseload did not seem too overwhelming at first, but I found myself being spread out too thin. Between teaching two classes, an Advisory class, providing academic services to my RSP students and writing IEPs, it became an exhausting feat, where I am still trying to find balance. At times, there was a sense of doubt and defeat, and I believed that the needs of my students were not being fully met. Another challenge that I am facing is the fact that a lot of my students are not grouped together in one class. With only half of the students grouped by grade level, the other half is spread out between various teachers. Had the students been more closely grouped, I would be able to service them a lot easier. With the students being spread out across the school matrix, it is also difficult to keep track of their assignments, homework, tests, and quizzes. With many of the students receiving low grades, I am also up against different teachers with different grading styles as well. Although reminding the students about being more responsible with their assignments, I believe that they should not catered to, but instead taught to be self-advocates and fully responsible for their own work. In addition to performing well academically, some of the stronger competencies are evident in presenting effective directed lessons for the students. A powerful lesson is that of which accesses prior knowledge so that the students may make personal connections or become completely engaged from the beginning. When the students are engaged, there is more learning taking place with less behavioral issues as well. The concepts are also presented in a way that is memorable for the students, so that the information is retained. Furthermore, the lesson is then implemented with sufficient independent practice to reinforce the lessons. One area of professional growth would be in the area of enforcing the class rules, procedures, and consequences more clearly throughout the year. Even though I am a traveling teacher, my personal expectations of the students can be defined in any classroom. This can be accomplished with rules and procedures posted on a traveling poster that is carried with me at all times, or if there is a space available somewhere in the borrowed classroom, the rules can be posted. These rules and procedures should then be visited and revisited whenever needed. When this is accomplished, directed lessons should go more smoothly without time being wasted on managing behavior. When behavior management skills are more finely tuned and directed lessons are more creative, I foresee another five years of successful and rewarding teaching experiences in the field of Special Education. Whether I remain as a RSP teacher or go back to being a SDC teacher, my heart is definitely with those students with special needs. I believe that I am in the right career path and can see myself working with the middle school-aged students for a long time. Eventually, with a doctorate degree, I would like to pass on my wealth of knowledge to those beginning teachers at the university level. After all, teachers do best at what they do: teach!

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution reveals a history of development of science that has gradually transformed the views of people on nature and society. Traditionally, the scientific revolution dates back to the eighteenth century, the advent of the Renaissance epoch.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, ancient Greece was the pioneer in developing science. In particular, the emergence of philosophy as a progenitor of other sciences emerged in Green has given rise to many other disciplines. In general, scientific revolution can be presented through three historic views on science, including classical, medieval, and modern. All these periods involve significant contradictions, frictions and challenges that contributed to the modern image of science. The supporters of humanistic theory agree with the ideas of great influence of people on the development of scien ce. Therefore, all the identified periods represent important historical figures that invested into the scientific progress. Specific attention should be given to considering such great minds as Plato, the brightest representative of the Hellenic world, Augustine and Aquinas, Copernicus, Kepler, and Cicero. The representatives of this period is distinguished by logic character of thought that is engaged intensely in deliberations such important questions as life and death, as well as by negligence of conventional virtues.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The medieval period was the hardest for the development of science because of the strict restriction imposed on developing humanitarian disciplines. The Church marked the decline of secular thought that was confined to recognizing Jesus and divine rule. Therefore, science was highly neglected in society because of increased domin ance of religious scriptures. Moreover, religion denied scientific advances because of the threat of increased attention to scientific documents and discoveries that withdraw divine doctrine. According to Tarnas, â€Å"the resurrection Christ brought to mankind was present in the Church† and, therefore, each human being should be attached to the divine doctrines (148). Dependence on the church had created a serious obstacle science because of recognition of biblical history and knowledge only. Spiritual authority of the church dominated significantly and required full obedience from Church members. The necessity to follow religious tradition was explained by the formalization of rules and established of strict norms in educational and social spheres. In other words, those people who indulge into studies science were regarded as the one withdrawing divine laws. The emergence of the Western culture has given rise to the development of new directions of scientific development th at differ substantially from the doctrines and rituals previously established in the Church. Medieval thinkers became obsessed with new options for the evolution of human civilizations. At the end of eighteen century, the era of Renaissance marked the continuation of the philosophical thought of Greek period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, the Aristotelian natural philosophy received further progress in the advances introduced by Copernicus, the scientific thought related to heliocentric theory of astronomical model of the Solar system, as well as the position of Earth in it. Heliocentrism opposed significantly to medieval thought about the geocentric theory of Earth system. Limited vision on science, therefore, prevented the medieval thinker to introduce new concepts and frameworks. The period of revival of Greek philosophy dates back to the sixteenth century, which is also marked by Copernican Revolution. Further scientific progress was introduced through the work of Johannes Kepler who presented the model of elliptical orbits. The given period is represented as the second revival of the Scientific revolution after the period of educational â€Å"darkness†. In general, the Copernicus Revolution was both the contributor to the development of the era of Enlightenment, as well as the mark of the scientific evolution in various academic fields. The era of Renaissance had a potent impact on the shifts in religious views on the world. At the same time, religion itself made significant contributions to the development of science and education. In particular, classical knowledge transmission was due to the contributions made by Byzantine science that transferred their experience to the Renaissance Italy and Islamic countries. Arabic knowledge also spread over the European countries.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the Christian world has left rich heritage to the Islamic world and provided a foundation for the development of new sciences. Tarnas writes, â€Å"†¦classical civilization had been snuffed out in the West, its great works and ideas left to the Byzantines and later the Moslems to be preserved as in museum† (90). In this respect, the religion served as a driving force to spread of scientific knowledge and experience all over the world. Interaction between Islamic and Byzantine culture also gave rise to the emergence of various discipline and formation of secular thought. In conclusion, the Scientific Revolution is a sophisticated ongoing process that underwent several complex stages. Its beginning takes root in the Greek philosophy, faces challenges in the medieval period, and experiences rise in the era of Enlightenment. All of these periods contributed greatly to the development of new scientific theories and concepts. Although religion reflects antagonistic vi sion on science, it still provided scientific world with a solid foundation for further evolution, as well as introduced basic for revival of classical thought. Works Cited Tarnas, Richard, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993 Print. This essay on The Scientific Revolution was written and submitted by user Ahmad Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Plato’s Metaphysics

Plato’s Metaphysics Plato’s Metaphysics Platos metaphysics was based on the ideas, which were taken from within and applied to the outer world, while Aristotle used the ideas from the surrounding world to apply them within. Thus, Plato believed in a dualistic reality (there are mental and physical things), and Aristotle claimed that only an imminent reality exists. Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that forms could not exist separately but only in an object itself. This explains why these philosophers differently determine what is true and false. Aristotle claims that something is true if he has seen it and knows it. Plato, on the contrary, uses intuition and common sense to prove something true or false. Rationalism argues that a person is born already with knowledge, i.e. knowledge is inherent, and learning stems from intuition. Empiricists, on the contrary, claim that one can know something exclusively on the basis of direct sense experience. Following Rationalists, who are concerned with absolute universal truths, one can assert that the mind is the single source of knowledge. Empiricists reject this principle and make use of the postulate that a person is born with the mind as blank as a slate, i.e. without any knowledge or experience. Therefore, only human sensual experiences can serve as a background for knowledge. Platos belief in reincarnation may affect his understanding the nature of human happiness in the following way. He may believe that happiness is a fluid notion, just like his Forms, which implies that a person can achieve happiness not in earthly but next life, or has already achieved it in previous lives. Aristotles materialistic view on reality may make him believe that happiness is the ultimate goal of human earthly existence, i.e. people should achieve happiness till the end of their life. Aristotles rejection of afterlife does not make happiness a permanent state (as in Platos case) but defines it within the frames of earthly life. Platos low opinion of democracy seems rather reasonable. The point is that poor citizens prevail in a state, and they dislike being deceived by rich rulers. Falsely, the poor believe that they know what they need, but these needs are illusory - lust after power and sensual pleasures. The masses, which are uneducated and ignorant about the essence of the soul, cannot realize what true needs imply. According to Plato, the poor, unless educated into arts and philosophy, are incapable of distinguishing true needs from illusory ones and electing a good ruler. Only a philosopher as a ruler can satisfy citizens true needs, which lead to wisdom and spiritual growth. It seems to me that Plato implicitly rejected slavery in any form since it contradicted his notion of justice. Platos just society consists of three classes, with each class performing its role. However, in a just city, every person should do exclusively what he or she is good at and not interfere in other peoples business. According to Plato, only this condition can contribute to the perfect pursuance of ones duties. If there were slaves in Platos just society, they would interfere in their masters business, which would prevent the latter from appropriate pursuing their duties on their own. Gods existence is so important for Descartes philosophy because it convinces him that other distinct things also exist. For Descartes, God cannot be a deceiver because He is a perfectly good and impeccable being. Descartes faculty to judge can come only from God, and if he uses it properly, he cannot mistake. Since God does not deceive, Descartes stresses that if he perceives something as a clear and distinct truth, it will be so under any conditions, even if he forgets the arguments that led him to that inference. Besides, God is also the source of human free will which is infinite since its scope is wider than the scope of human finite intellect. Descartes continues Platos tradition of rational perception of the world Rationalists are concerned with absolute universal truths and assert that the mind is the single source of knowledge. Likewise, Plato is concerned with the eternal and perfect Forms that shape reality. Both Plato and Descartes believe that knowledge exists in the human mind before a person is born. For Plato, perfection and true knowledge is hidden in the Forms, which, in turn, exist separately from material objects. This implies that all a person should do is to reach out to Forms. Like Descartes, Plato argues that the outside world can be understood by means of reasoning. The phrase epistemological detour implies one of the means of discovering a metaphysical truth through an indirect epistemological investigation into what can be known about some phenomenon rather than a direct inquiry about its essence. The epistemological detour emphasizes the role of the mind and primary knowledge in cognition. This can be explained by the fact that rationalists believe in the infinite abilities of the human mind and that the world can be perceived rationally. Taking into consideration the epistemological detour, it becomes clear why rationalists reject the supernatural since the latter lacks reasonable evidence and cannot be convincing enough.

Energy saver Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy saver - Research Paper Example Literature Review During the 2008 presidential election campaign green energy became an important issue as never before in presidential elections. Both the candidates strongly supported an economy which gave strong support for green energy over fossil energy. The difference lay in that John McCain favored the use of market-based approaches towards this objective Obama emphasized the use of governmental initiatives. (2). Thus progress towards greater use of green energy under the Obama administration would depend on the governmental initiatives put in place and the support levels and success of these initiatives. On Inauguration Day the keenness of the Obama administration can be seen in these words of the White House, â€Å"the energy challenges our country faces are seve3re and have gone unaddressed for a long time. Our addiction to foreign oil doesn’t just undermine our national security and wreak havoc on our environment – it cripples our economy and strains the bud gets of working families all across America. President Obama and Vice President Biden have a comprehensive plan to invest in alternative and renewable energy, and end our addiction to foreign oil, address the global climate crisis and create millions of new jobs. (3, p.64). Words were translated into action by the Obama administration. ... (4). Towards this end the EPA was asked to look into California’s long standing request to set strict tailpipe emissions to restrict the greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Department of Transport to develop the regulations to enable the implementation of a 2007 law that required elevated fuel efficiency benchmarks for automobiles and light commercial vehicles by the year 2020. (3). Within the first month of assuming office the Obama administration got the economic stimulus bill passed by Congress. The bill though targeting the severe recession faced by the country, contained several important provisions towards the green energy and environment initiatives. $45 billion within the historic $787 billion bill was meant for energy efficiency, alternate energy programs ad tax breaks towards the use of green energy. $20 billion was set aside for the development of renewable energy power, while $18 billion was meant for environmental projects, and $2 billion towards R&D for ca rbon capture and storage. Tax cuts of up to $7,500 were also provided for those purchasing plug-in hybrid cars. (3). While these initial successes may point to the Obama administration succeeding in its drive towards growing dependence on green energy and lowering dependence on imported oil, the going has become tough, because of the bi-partisan politics involved in it. The Republican party as demonstrated by the John McCain is more oriented to market corrections to lead the way in energy dependence (2). This means that there will hardly any support from the party towards the policy and actions of the Obama administration for increasing use of green energy through government action. This will